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History

A perspective on disasters
1994 may be the second costliest year on record, but the dollar figures pale in comparison to the physical evidence of catastrophes eons ago. Geologists who assembled at a seismic conference in Seattle last fall produced reminders of how everything is relative.

  A volcanic eruption in Indonesia 73,500 years ago was so huge that it may have killed much of the planet's vegetation by clouding the sky with dust. That volcano may have been responsible for the chain of events that encouraged modern human migration out of Africa.
  A volcano in the Greek island of Thiera destroyed Minoan civilization and may have sent dark clouds over Egypt that inspired biblical stories of plagues.
  A Bronze Age eruption in Iceland disrupted early agriculture in Britain.
  A Peruvian volcano in 1600 threw out so much dust that it caused the coldest recorded years in European history.
  The 1883 Krakatau eruption spewed hot gases that burned victims 44 miles away.